Impact of sewage sludge compost and biostimulants on the growth of Zoysiagrass in sod production systems
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v32.e323026Keywords:
Bacteria, organic fertilization, seaweed, soil fertilityAbstract
To improve turfgrass development within the production system, it is essential to adopt sustainable alternatives that meet producers’ demands. These strategies should contribute to reducing production costs, improving product quality, and promoting crop sustainability. In this context, the use of sewage sludge compost and biostimulants has been widely studied for their application in agriculture. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the growth of Zoysiagrass cv. Esmeralda through the application of sewage sludge compost (SSC) combined with biostimulants as a nutrient source in the sod production in two cycles. The experiment was conducted under field conditions, in southwest of Brazil in February 2021, organized in a randomized block design with four repetitions. The treatments followed a 5 x 3 + 1 factorial scheme, consisting of five doses of SSC (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 Mg ha-1) combined with the absence or presence of biostimulants: (i) the growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense and (ii) seaweed extract from Ascophyllum nodosum, and a control. The evaluated parameters included leaf green color intensity, the normalized difference vegetation index, and the green cover rate on the soil. The growth and visual quality of the grass were significantly improved by the application of seaweed extract combined with higher doses of SSC during periods of lower rainfall
Downloads
References
BARBOSA, J.C.; MALHEIROS, E.B. AgroEstat: sistema para análises estatísticas de ensaios agronômicos. Versão 1.1.0.71. Jaboticabal: FCAV/ UNESP, 2015.
BOSI, S.; NEGRI, L.; ACCORSI, M.; BAFFONI, L.; GAGGIA, F.; DI GIOIA, D.; DINELLI, G.; MAROTTI, I. Biostimulants for sustainable management of sport turfgrass. Plants, v.12, n.3, p.539, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030539
CONAMA (CONSELHO NACIONAL DO MEIO AMBIENTE). Resolução nº 498, de 19 de agosto de 2020. Available at: <https://conama.mma.gov.br/index.php?option=com_sisconama&task=arquivo.download&id=797>. Accessed on: feb. 15, 2020.
CORDEIRO, E.C.N.; MARQUES, H.M.C.; DE LARA, G.B.; de OLIVEIRA AMATUSSI, J.; MÓGOR, G.; REPKE, R.A.; MÓGOR, Á.F. Can Ascophyllum nodosum extract application before or at drought stress trigger different metabolic adaptation responses in soybean plants? Journal of Applyed Phycology, v.36, p.2283-2293, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-024-03231-z
DI SARIO, L.; BOERI, P.; MATUS, J.T.; PIZZIO, G.A. Plant biostimulants to enhance abiotic stress resilience in crops. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, v.25, n.4, p.2420, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031129
FONTANA, M.; GUILLAUME, T.; STEINER, S.; BRAGAZZA, L.; BÉLANGER, G.; ZIADI, N.; CIAMPITTI, I. Critical dilution curves for phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur along with relationships to nitrogen for major crops. Plant and Soil, v.510, p.1-14, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07929-y
GALINDO, F.S.; TEIXEIRA FILHO, M.C.M.; BUZZETI, S.; ALVES, C.J.; GARCIA, C.M.P.; NOGUEIRA, L.M. Extrato de algas como bioestimulante na nutrição e produtividade do trigo irrigado na região de Cerrado. Colloquium Agrariae, v.15, n.1, p.130-140, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5747/ca.2019.v15.n1.a277
GALINDO, F.S.; TEIXEIRA FILHO M.M.; BUZETTI, S.; RODRIGUES, W.L.; FERNANDES, G.C.; BOLETA, E.H.M.; BARCO NETO, M.; PEREIRA, M.R.A.; ROSA, P.A.L.; PEREIRA, I.T.; GASPARETO, R.N. Azospirillum brasilense associated with silicon and nitrogen fertilization influences macronutrients concentration in corn shoot and root? Open Agriculture, v.5, p.126-137, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0013
GUNASEKARAN, G.; PARAMASIVAM, D. Biostimulants for sustainable crop production: a review. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), v.10, n.1, p.115-121, 2024. https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2013
GUO, Y.Y.; TIAN, S.S.; LIU, S.S.; WANG, W.Q.; SUI, N. Energy dissipation and antioxidant enzyme system protect photosystem II of sweet sorghum under drought stress. Photosynthetica, v.56, n.3, p.861-872, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-017-0741-0
HASANUZZAMAN, M.; RUMMANA, S.; SINTHI, F.; ALAM, S.; HOSSAIN RAIHAN, M.R.; ALAM, M.M. Enhancing drought resilience in Brassica campestris: antioxidant and physiological benefits of Ascophyllum nodosum extract and alginic acid. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, v.227, p.110198, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.110198
HASDDIN; ULYASNIATI; MUKADDAS, J.; MARJANI; MIRAD; KAN, K.; EGA, A.A.; MUSADIA, A. Sustainable agriculture: the role of biostimulants in enhancing crop growth and resilience. Journal of Global Innovations in Agricultural and Social Sciences, v.13, n.2, p.561-563, 2025. https://doi.org/10.22194/JGIAS/25.1688
HUNGRIA, M.; NOGUEIRA, M.A.; ARAUJO, R.S. Inoculation of Brachiaria spp. with the plant growth promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense: An environment-friendly component in their reclamation of degraded pastures in the tropics. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, v.221, p.125-131, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.024
IQBAL, N.; HUSSAIN, S.; RAZA, M.A.; YANG, C.; SAFDAR, M.E.; BRESTIC, M.; LIU, J. Drought tolerance of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) by improved photosynthetic characteristics and an efficient antioxidant enzyme system under a split-root system. Frontiers in Physiology, v.10, p.786, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00786
LI, X.; WANG, S.; ZHU, L.; ZHANG, P.; QI, H.; ZHANG, K.; SUN, H.; ZHANG, Y.; LEI, X.; LI, A.; WANG, Z.; LI, C.; LIU, L. Leaf hydraulic decline coordinates stomatal and photosynthetic limitations through anatomical adjustments under drought stress in cotton. Frontiers in Plant Science, v.16, p.1622308, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1622308
MA, D.; WANG, Y.; YE, Y.; GE, X.; LU, X. Effects of three sludge products from co-treatment of wastewater on the soil properties and plant growth of silty loam. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v.19, n.7, p.4385, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074385
MACKIEWICZ-WALEC, E.; OLSZEWSKA, M. Biostimulants in the Production of Forage Grasses and Turfgrasses. Agriculture, v.13, n.6, p.1195, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091796
MONCADA, A.; MICELI, A.; VETRANO, F. Use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and organic fertilization for soilless cultivation of basil. Scientia Horticulturae, v.275, p.109733, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109733
MOTA, F.D.; VILLAS BÔAS, R.L.; MATEUS, C.M.D.; SILVA, T.B.G. Sewage sludge compost in zoysia grass sod production. Revista Ambiente & Água, v.14, n.1, e2301, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2301
PRATES, A.R.; KAWAKAMI, K.C.; COSCIONE, A.R.; FILHO, M.C.M.T.; ARF, O.; ABREU-JUNIOR, C.H.; OLIVEIRA, F.C.; MOREIRA, A.; GALINDO, F.S.; HE, Z.; JANI, A.D.; CAPRA, G.F.; GANGA, A.; NOGUEIRA, T.A.R. Composted sewage sludge sustains high maize productivity on an infertile Oxisol in the Brazilian Cerrado. Land, v.11, n.8, p.1246, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081246
RAIJ, B. van; ANDRANDE, J.C.; CANTARELLA, H.; GUAGGIO, J.A. Análise química para avaliação da fertilidade de solos tropicais. 1.ed. Campinas: Instituto Agronômico, 2001. 285p.
REDONDOGÓMEZ, S.; MESAMARÍN, J.; PÉREZROMERO, J.A.; MARISCAL, V.; MOLINAHEREDIA, F.P.; ÁLVAREZ, C.; PAJUELO, E.; RODRÍGUEZLLRENTE, I.D.; MATEOSNARANJO, E. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria improve rice response to climate change conditions. Plants, v.12, n.13, p.2532, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132532
SANTOS, P.L.F.; NASCIMENTO, M.V.L.; GODOY, L.J.G.; ZABOTTO, A.R.; TAVARES, A.R.; VILLAS BÔAS, R.L. Influence of irrigation frequency and nitrogen concentration on Tifway 419 bermudagrass in Brazil. Revista Ceres, v.69, n.5, p.578-585, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-737X202269050011
SANTOS, P.L.F.; TAVARES, A.R.; PRATES, A.R.; NASCIMENTO, M.V.L.; COSTA, J.V.; GODOY, L.J.G.; ZABOTTO, A.R.; VILLAS BÔAS, R.L. Biostimulant in the production of lawn seedlings and plant growth regulators in the development of Carpet grass. Ornamental Horticulture, v.30, e242793, p.1-10, 2024a. https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v30.e242793
SANTOS, P.L.F.; ZABOTTO, A.R.; SILVA, P.S.T.; NASCIMENTO, M.V.L.; GODOY, L.J.G.; TAVARES, A.R.; BÔAS, R.L.V. Biostimulants in initial growth of DiscoveryTM Bermudagrass. Ornamental Horticulture, v.30, p.1-6, 2024b. https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v30.e242672
SANTOS, P.L.F.; CARRIBEIRO, L.S. Atualidades na produção de Gramas. In: SANTOS, P.L.F.; GODOY, L.J.G.; VILLAS BÔAS, R.L.; CARRIBEIRO, L.S. Tópicos Atuais em Gramados V. Botucatu: FEPAF, 2022. p.35-51.
STRAW, C.M.; GRUBBS, R.A.; HENRY, G.M. Short-term spatiotemporal relationship between plant and soil properties on natural turfgrass sports fields. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment, v.3, n.1, p.1-11, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20043
THORNTHWAITE, C.W. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geographical Review, New York, v.38, n.1, p.55–94, 1948. https://doi.org/10.2307/210739
VILLAS BÔAS, R.L.; GODOY, L.J.G.; BACKES, C.; SANTOS, A.J.M.; CARRIBEIRO, L.S. Sod production in Brazil. Ornamental Horticulture, v.28, n.4, p.450-459, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v26i3.2242
WANG, L.; YUAN, Y.; KIM, J. Molecular genetic insights into the stress responses and cultivation management of Zoysiagrass: illuminating the pathways for turf improvement. Agriculture, v.14, n.10, p.1718, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14101718
YAO, H.; ZHONG, L.; LUO, J.; CHENG, Y.; BAO, M.; ZHANG, F. Molecular mechanisms and research advances of plant hormone regulation in cut flower senescence. Plant Hormones, v.1, e020, 2025. https://doi.org/10.48130/ph-0025-0021
ZAHEER, M.S.; ALI, H.H.; IQBAL, M.A.; ERINLE, K.O.; JAVED, T.; IQBAL, J.; HASHMI, M.I.U.; MUMTAZ, M.Z.; SALAMA, E.A.A.; KALAJI, H.M.; WRÓBEL, J.; DESSOKY, E.S. Cytokinin production by Azospirillum brasilense contributes to increase in growth, yield, antioxidant, and physiological systems of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Frontiers in Microbiology, v.13, p.886041, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.886041
ZHU, K.; ZUO, Q.; LIU, F.; QIN, J.; WANG, A.; ZHANG, J.; FLEXAS, J. Divergences in leaf CO2 diffusion conductance and water use efficiency of soybean coping with water stress and its interaction with N addition. Environmental and Experimental Botany, v.217, p.105572, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2023.105572
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Adrielle Rodrigues Prates, Armando Reis Tavares, Leandro José Grava de Godoy, Patrick Luan Ferreira dos Santos, Jéssica Cristina Meira Bezerra, Matheus Vinícios Leal do Nascimento, João Victor Costa, Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.





