Biotic homogenization in the availability of ornamental seeds of the native flora in Chile
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v29i2.2563Keywords:
biocultural homogenization, exotic species, gardening, nursery, seed marketingAbstract
Biotic homogenization is a global phenomenon, mainly in urban areas where exotic species are dominant, contributing to the loss of native biodiversity. Gardening native flora to promote local biodiversity is becoming a conservation practice in urban settings. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the representation of the Chilean native flora in the Chilean and international ornamental flower seed market to know which native plant seeds are sold. We found that native seed are absent in the local market and that the totality of seed supply in the market corresponds to species of exotic origin, mainly from the Palearctic region (43%). However, surprisingly, many Chilean flower seeds are traded in the international market (approximately 6% of the total Chilean flora). This lack of availability of native seeds for local consumers constitutes a bottleneck for ecological restoration initiatives. It is consistent with the greater abundance of exotic species in urban green areas and supports the hypothesis of biocultural homogenization.
Downloads
References
BALDOCK, K.; GODDARD, M.; HICKS, D.M.; KUNIN, W.; MITSCHUNAS, N.; MORSE, H.; OSGATHORPE, L.M.; POTTS, S.G.; ROBERTSON, K.M.; SCOTT, A.V.; STANICZENKO, P.P.A.; STONE, G.N.; VAUGHAN, I.P.; MEMMOTT, J. A systems approach reveals urban pollinator hotspots and conservation opportunities. Nature Ecology and Evolution, v.3, p.363-373, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0769-y
BANNISTER, J.R.; VARGAS-GAETE, R.; OVALLE, J.F.; ACEVEDO, M.; FUENTES-RAMIREZ, A.; DONOSO, P.J.; PROMIS, A.; SMITH-RAMÍREZ, C. Major bottlenecks for the restoration of natural forests in Chile. Restoration Ecology, v.26, p.1039-1044, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12880
BRAMAN, S.K.; PENDLEY, A.F.; CORLEY, W.Influence of commercially available wildflower mixes on beneficial arthropod abundance and predation in turfgrass. Environmental Entomology, v.31, p.564-572, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-31.3.564
CELIS-DIEZ, J.L.; MUÑOZ, C.; ABADES, S.R.; MARQUET, P.A.; ARMESTO, J.J. Biocultural homogenization in urban settings: Public knowledge of birds in city parks of Santiago, Chile. Sustainability, v.9, p.485, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040485
DÍAZ-FORESTIER, J.; LEÓN-LOBOS, P.; MARTICORENA, A.; CELIS-DIEZ, J.L.; GIOVANNINI, P. Useful native plants of Chile: review and patterns of use. Economic Botany, v.73, p.112-126, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-019-09447-2
EL MERCURIO. 2022. Una “autopista” de especies polinizadoras: Vitacura alista su primer corredor biológico. Available at: <https://www.litoralpress.cl/sitio/Prensa_Texto?LPKey=FOBCQKPP4Y4GPAIJO4LNNS3BFW5CBTH3U4WA7XGD4PG354MYCMGQ>. Accessed April 5, 2022.
ELZENGA, J.T.M.; BEKKER, R.M.; PRITCHARD, H.W. Maximising the use of native seeds in restoration projects. Plant Biology, v.21, p.377-379, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12984
FIGUEROA, J.A.; CASTRO, S.A.; REYES, M.;TEILLIER, S. Urban park area and age determine the richness of native and exotic plants in parks of a Latin American city: Santiago as a case study. Urban Ecosystems, v.21, p.645- 655, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-018-0743-0
GARDNER, M.F. The potential for Chilean plants in cultivation. International Plant Propagators’ Society, v.52, p.285-290, 2001.
Scaling up from gardens: biodiversity conservation in urban environments. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, v.25, p.90-98, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.07.016
HARMON-THREATT, A.N.; HENDRIX, S.D. Prairie restorations and bees: The potential ability of seed mixes to foster native bee communities. Basic and Applied Ecology, v.16, p.64-72, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. baae.2014.11.001
LEÓN-LOBOS, P.; BUSTAMANTE-SÁNCHEZ, M.A.; NELSON, C.R.; ALARCÓN, D.; HASBÚN, R.; WAY, M.; PRITCHARD, H.; ARMESTO, J.J. Lack of adequate seed supply is a major bottleneck for effective ecosystem restoration in Chile: Friendly amendment to Bannister et al. (2018). Restoration Ecology, v.28, n.2, p.277-281, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13113
LEÓN-LOBOS, P.; ROSAS, M. Estimación del comercio internacional de semillas y plantas nativas de Chile. Tierra Adentro, v.89, p.26-28, 2010.
MAXWELL, H.; GARDNER, M. The quest for Chilean green treasure: Some notable British collectors before 1940. The New Plantsman, v.4, p.196-214, 1997.
MCKINNEY, M. Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biological Conservation, v.127, p.247- 260, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.005
MUÑOZ, A.E.; AMOUROUX, P.; ZAVIEZO, T. Native flowering shrubs promote beneficial insects in avocado orchards. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, v.23, p.463-472, 2021b. https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12447
MUÑOZ, A.E.; PLANTEGENEST, M.; AMOUROUX, P.; ZAVIEZO, T. Native flower strips increase visitation by non-bee insects to avocado flowers and promote yield. Basic and Applied Ecology, v.56, p.369-378, 2021a. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2021.08.015
NOBEL, P.S. Cacti: Biology and uses. 1st. ed. California: University of California Press, 2002. p.290.
PARRA-SALDÍVAR, A.; ABADES, S.; CELIS-DIEZ, J.L.; GELCICH, S. Exploring perceived well-being from urban parks: insights from a megacity in Latin America. Sustainability, v.12, p.1-14, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187586
RODRÍGUEZ, R.; MARTICORENA, C.; ALARCÓN, D.; BAEZA, C.; CAVIERES, L.; FINOT, V.L.; FUENTES, N.; KIESSLING, A.; MIHOC, M.; PAUCHARD, A.; RUIZ, E.; SANCHEZ, P.; MARTICORENA, A. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Chile. Gayana Botánica, v.75, p.1-430, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-66432018000100001
ROZZI, R. Implications of the biocultural ethic for earth stewardship. In: ROZZI, R.; CHAPIN III, F.S.; CALLICOTT, J.B.; PICKETT, S.T.A.; POWER, M.E.; ARMESTO, J.J.; MAY JR., R.H. (Eds.). Earth stewardship: linking ecology and ethics in theory and practice. Dordrecht: Springer International Publishing, 2015. p.13-136.
ROZZI, R.; MASSARDO, F.; SILANDER, J.; DOLLENZ, O.; CONNOLLY, B.; ANDERSON, C.; TURNER, N. Árboles nativos y exóticos en las plazas de Magallanes. Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, v.31, p.27-42, 2003.
SANTILLI, L.; CASTRO, S.A.; FIGUEROA, J.; GUERRERO, N.; RAY, C.; ROMERO-MIERES, M.; ROJAS, G.; LAVANDERO, N. Exotic species predominates in the urban woody flora of central Chile. Gayana Botánica, v.75, p.568-588, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-66432018000200568
SOGA, M.; GASTON, K.J. Extinction of experience: The loss of human-nature interactions. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, v.14, p.94-101, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1225
TEILLIER, S. Plantas de Chile en parques y jardines del mundo. Chloris Chilensis, v.11, n.2, 2008.
THE WORLD BANK, 2022 Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?order=wbapi_data_value_2012+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc. Accessed on: April 05, 2023.
VARAS, P.; DÍAZ-FORESTIER, J.; CELIS-DIEZ, J.L. Homogenización biótica en la flora leñosa de parques urbanos de la región de Valparaíso. Revista Geográfica de Valparaíso, v.57, p.60-72, 2020.
WALLACE, A.R. The geographical distribution of animals. London: MacMillan, 1876. 503p
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Ornamental Horticulture
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
